Analysis Of Tony Robbins s On Pain Or Pleasure - 796 Words

It s apparent that not every relationship stands the test of time. In hindsight, it is much easier to see why the relationship needed to end, but during the heat of the moment, emotions make it almost impossible to get out of it, even if you are not happy. There is a principle that I heard from Tony Robbins that says every choice you make is based on pain or pleasure. Before you make any choice, you first decide which option will bring you pain or pleasure, and you may the choice that brings you less pain. So, staying in a relationship that is not happy must be the least painful option when faced with leaving or staying. If you want out of an unhappy relationship, you need to make staying in it much more painful than leaving. Anyone who has ended breaking off a relationships knows that the pain was just too much and it was time to leave. If you are unhappy now, and want to speed up the process of ending the relationship, following are some insights that might help you do that. 1. You Are Getting Sicker By The Day If you are not happy, your thoughts and your emotions are not happy. Complaining, sadness, hopelessness, worry, jealousy, hatred, blame, doubt, disappointment, overwhelming, annoyance, and on and on it goes. All of these things contribute to the decline of your happiness and health in a big way. Not only does life start to become much less fun, but physical issues can occur too, such as: Weight gain Heart attack Gastrointestinal issues Memory problemsShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesbusiness and the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility and sustainability in global management. We have incorporated the latest research on the increasing pressure for MNCs to adopt more â€Å"green† management practices, including Chapter 3’s opening World of International Management which includes discussion of GE’s â€Å"ecomagination† initiative and a boxed feature in that chapter on the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. We have updated discussion of and provided additional emphasis on the

How Does An Individual Become Delinquent - 1605 Words

How does an individual become delinquent? There are many views in society of why deviant behavior plays a role in ones life. One example is known as The Social Control Theory, originally known as The Social Bond Theory in 1969. During the 1960’s sociologists sought different conceptions of crime. One question general asked is â€Å"why do people follow the law?† The social Control Theory suggests that individuals become deviant when their bond to society has weakened. This tend to happen when individual do not tend to get things their way. Social control theory refers to a perspective which predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges.† Therefore when an individual do not have social connections or a lack of social network they tend to sidetrack to a different path. In fact, these individuals are the ones that would prohibit criminal activity in society. In the world of criminology many theorists have proposed many compelling ideas surrounding the control of crime and delinquency. One of those theorists is Albert Reiss. According to Reiss, â€Å"Delinquency may be defined as the behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls to produce behavior in conformity with the norms of the social system to which legal penalties are attached. Personal control may be defined, as the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community. SocialShow MoreRelatedAlbert Cohens Meaning Of Delinquent Subcultures1463 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Cohen’s work on delinquent subcultures was influenced by Robert Merton and Edwin Sutherland as he was student of both. Cohen draws on Merton’s strain theory as an underlying theory to develop his understanding on delinquent subculture within inner city neighborhoods. Cohen’s text Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang (1955) was first of the su bcultural theories of crime aimed at explaining the emergency of delinquent subculture and how one can get to the root of the issue. According toRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : A Complex Social Phenomenon Of Criminal Behavior Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance of juvenile delinquency, the demand for understanding strategies has become apparent in order to combat a complex social phenomenon of criminal behavior in juveniles. The juvenile justice system is an intricate part of juvenile justice intertwining law enforcement, court and correctional agencies along with the community when dealing with juvenile delinquents. Thus, understanding delinquents and how they behave is crucial when considering the effectiveness of prevention to commit furtherRead MoreBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society if more and more children are committing delinquent crimes. Sometimes a researcher has to get to what he or she thinks is the root of the problem to figure out what spawns a certain issue. What provokes a child to become delinquent and what makes the child gravitate so easily towards this lifestyle? It is necessary to explore how family life influences juvenile delinquency. Juveniles are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is little structure provided for them in theirRead MoreNew York Youth Center ( N.y.y.c )962 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many children throughout the country committing delinquent acts that are causing harm to our society. How do we prevent that? New York Youth Center (N.Y.Y.C) will target individuals between the ages of 10 and 12. Around these ages they start breaking curfew, cutting classes, drinking and other status delinquent behaviors. The relationship children have between their parents is the most significant factor in preventing delinquent acts. N.Y.Y.C will aim to ensure that a child is not beingRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime?1417 Words   |  6 Pagescertain propensity to commit crime exists within the lower classes of society that does not exist elsewhere. While this may be able to explain some crime, these explanations can lead to the perception that any and all types of offences, (the only exception perhaps being the complicated corporate fraud-type) including the most violent, are characterized by low-income neighborhoods and poor, under-educated individuals from broken homes. It is dangerous to assume that one’s position on the spectrum ofRead MoreLabeling Youths...and The Consequences Thereof1394 Words   |  6 Pagespeers, their family, school life and in society. With that in mind, society still decides to label youths as deviants, delinquents and status offenders ultimately changing their o wn views on their self-image. This affects the way youths think about themselves and how they will play a role in society. It also affects the way society will later treat them and whether or not they become an outsider. Labeling youths is an unnecessary evil that often times changes children into criminals. To understandRead MoreAdolescence And Adulthood And The Factors That Promote Childhood Delinquency Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesthat go into the correlation between schools and delinquency. The label of delinquency in schools does not just get slapped on because the justice system is looking for an excuse. There are many articles over adolescent delinquency and less research on juvenile delinquency. Could it be because there are just simply less crimes committed at a young age, or that they are less threatening and society does not see it as a problem? Studies show that children from the ages seven to twelve are at risk forRead MoreStatus Offenders, Dependent and Neglected Youths, and Juvenile Victimizations1872 Words   |  7 Pagesthe juvenile justice system different, delinquent youths are treated differently in this system. Notably, the jurisdiction of this system and its courts also extends to non-delinquent youths like dependent and neglected youths, and status offenders. However, non-delinquents are not only viewed differently but they are also treated separately from delinquents. In most cases, non-delinquents are regarded as children in need of help and supervision while delinquents are held accountable and punished forRead MoreFactors Of Sociologist Robert Agnews General Strain Theory996 Words   |  4 Pages1992, which argues that strain is the leading factor that causes someone to be delinquent or criminally motived. He categorizes three major types of strain that produces delinquency: the failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positively valued stimuli, and the introduction of negatively valued stimuli (Agnew et al., 2002, p. 44). These different forms of strain greatly increase the chances for an individual to experience negative emotions such as anger, depression, and frustration.Read MoreJuvenile Delinquency Should Be Punished Or Rehabilitated For Their Crimes1094 Words   |  5 Pagesoccur in the world. How can it be pu t to an end? To solve a problem knowledge must first be obtained and data analyzed for conclusions. There are specific traits that juveniles have that help determine the risk of delinquency in a child. These can be caused by a vast number of environmental factors ranging from simple peer pressure to as grave as relying on deviant acts for survival due to parental neglect or abuse. A big problem with the solution to delinquency is whether delinquents should be punished

Altruism Versus Morality What Truly Matters When It Is

Altruism Versus Morality: What Truly Matters When It Comes to Organ Donation? In Sally Satel s â€Å"When Altruism Isn t Moral† discusses the problem with the outrageous expectation the healthcare system has for organ donation and reception. Satel says â€Å"it is lethally obvious that altruism is not a valid basis for transplant policy. If we keep thinking of organs solely as gifts, there will never be enough of them.† I agree with Satel; the social requirements that a donor has to meet before being able to donate an organ is too restricted and is one of the many issues with our current mindset when it come to the care of the dying. As well as having obnoxious requirements in the altruism-only system of donating, the actual system is faulty. This altruism-only system causes social dilemmas and problems not unlike the ones that people fear with a compensation/incentive donation program. In Satels essay she tells a story about how a donor who was willing to donate a kidney but had to wait,further form a relationship with the patient, and prove so to the doctor before being able to donate the kidney. Such ridiculous requirements and the forbiddance of compensation to the organ donor are diminishing the number of donors and the chances for the thousands of people on the mile long waiting lists to have a fighting chance at ever receiving an organ in time for it to save their lives. I m not saying that black market organs cut out of children in an orphanage should be allowed to beShow MoreRelatedComparing Nietzsche s The Of The Farmer And The Blond Beasts 1216 Words   |  5 Pagesfeeling is what breeds this heady combination of envy, hatred, and powerlessness. In this position, the only thing the slaves are able to do is to imagine the demise of these masters. The slaves come to the realization that, even though the masters believe them to be the ‘good’ ones, they are in fact the ones perpetuating this oppression, therefore they must be the bad, or evil, ones. Here is where we see the development of Nietzsche’s two types of morality- master morality and slave morality. MasterRead MorePsychological and Ethical Egoism Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pagescriterion of morality in some nonmoral value (i.e. happiness or welfare) that results from acts (Pojman 276). It is contrasted with altruism, which is the view that ones actions ought to further the interests or good of other people, ideally to the exclusion of ones own interests (Pojman 272). This essay will explain the relation between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. It will examine how someone who believes in psychological egoism explains the apparent instances of altruism. And it willRead MoreWisdom Essay4887 Words   |  20 PagesProject Paper: Philosophy amp; Wisdom 1.0 INTRODUCTION Data is not information, Information is not knowledge, Knowledge is not understanding, Understanding is not wisdom. - Clifford Stoll - So what exactly is wisdom? Wisdom comes from the word ‘wise’, which means having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment . Did you know that the human race is also called homo sapien – which originated from Latin, meaning ‘wise’ or ‘knowing man’? This is simply due to the factRead MoreThe Marvel Of The Dark Knight By F. Scott Fitzgerald1971 Words   |  8 Pagesseeking justice for the citizenry when a state’s system of protection from criminals is inadequate. Real-life vigilantism claims this sort of moral retribution in their aims. Though it is undeniable that there are flaws in the criminal justice system, relying on vigilante justice as a legitimate means of punishment and deterrence would quickly turn a state of democracy into an anarchical society. While obliterating the government may seem merited, especially when the state does not seem to be upholdingRead MoreFrom actions to empathy and morality9042 Words   |  37 PagesJournal of Ec onomic Behavior Organization 77 (2011) 76–85 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Economic Behavior Organization journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jebo From actions to empathy and morality – A neural perspective Istvan Molnar-Szakacs a,b,c,âˆâ€" a b c Tennenbaum Center for the Biology of Creativity, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Read MoreValue Based Leadership and Spirituality in the Workplace6185 Words   |  25 Pages| 1 | | 2.2 Values | 2 | | 2.3 Values and leadership | 3 | | 2.4 Values, leadership and behaviour in organisations | 3 | | 2.5 Spirituality | 4 | 3. | WHY VALUES AND SPIRITUALITY HAVE BECOME SO IMPORTANT | 5 | 4. | SPIRITUALITY VERSUS RELIGION, AND RELIGION IN THE WORKPLACE | 6 | 5. | GOOD LEADERSHIP VALUES | 7 | 6. | VALUE-BASED AND SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP AND OTHER LEADERSHIP THOERIES | 8 | 7. | IMPLEMENTING VALUE-BASED LEADERSHIP | 9 | | 7.1 The role of the leader |Read MoreMoral Development During Adolescence Essay8689 Words   |  35 Pageswork an understanding of moral issues such as rights and justice was developed. Hence, Moral development during the adolescent years can be defined as the way young people learn to decide what is right and wrong, which in turn forms the basis of their principles of justice(Hart Carlo 2005). Determinants of morality on adolescents have been focused on moral cognitions and socialisation agents, principally parental influences, as contributed by cognitive developmental and moral socialisation theoriesRead MoreBusiness Ethics Test Questions with Answers Essay22425 Words   |  90 Pagespresence of shareholder activism c. Long-term executive greed versus short-term shareholder wealth d. Self-regulation of the accounting profession Answer: d schemes for security analysts. 52. Which of the following is true of excessive compensation packages? a. When executive compensation is tied to stock price, executives have a strong incentive to focus on long-term corporate interests rather than short-term stock value. b. When huge amounts of compensation depend on quarterly earnings reportsRead MoreEssay about Profession of Arms11066 Words   |  45 Pagesthe Army Profession of Arms campaign is for Soldiers and leaders to refine their understanding of what it means to be professionals--expert members of the Profession of Arms--after nine years of war and to recommit to a culture of service and the responsibilities and behaviors of our profession as articulated in the Army Ethic. GEN Martin E. Dempsey, CG, TRADOC The preeminent military task, and what separates [the military profession] from all other occupations, is that soldiers are routinely preparedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice

Essay A History of Video Game Development - 1889 Words

Video games are an ever-growing franchise that is constantly undergoing change. Ever since the dawn of video games, new consoles, games, developers, and teams have come together, fallen apart, triumphed, and failed. What is it that has allowed some to thrive where others failed? Several different factors have changed and influenced the world of gaming, including the history that is continuously being written, the people who have built the games behind the scenes, and, of course, the actual video games themselves. Numerous video games have been more successful than others, but identifying what components set the successful apart from the unsuccessful is something definitely worth observing. To find an answer to this statement, one†¦show more content†¦1-2). Although, seeing as video games are increasingly popular today, not everyone met as unfortunate of a fate. Today, many could credit this to the video game development corporation known as Atari, which arose in 1972 and continuously flourished until about 1982. In 1972, Atari came out with PONG, the first electronic arcade game, and it was an enormous accomplishment that exploded into what is now called the electronic gaming revolution. As time passed, Atari managed to triumph over its competition time and time again, but that is not to say that each of the failed corporations did not feature something that is used today. In fact, a couple of the failed organizations contributed something original to what is common today. For instance, Fairchild Camera and Instrument creating the first system that could play several different games, rather than just one. Another aforementioned group, RCA, was the first to produce and utilize keypad controllers instead of paddles or joysticks. Ot her consoles that came along, such as Intellivision and Vectrex, sported better graphics than the Atari’s consoles and games, but they still did not manage to gross the amount of money that Atari did because Atari was still on top of collecting all of the most entertaining and enjoyable games of their time. Keep in mind what attracted the masses to video games in the past: fun and addictive gameplay, not how good they looked. Now that the principal eras of gaming have beenShow MoreRelatedVideo Gaming Technology Can Be Beneficial Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Gaming Technology can be Beneficial Student’s Name Institutional affiliation Video Gaming As a concerned parent, one would easily feel coaxed to venture into analyzing every aspect of the child s welfare from a day-to-day perspective. There is a common concern over what the kids play around with as well as the impacts created upon the receiver. Similarly, the use of video gaming presents a common challenge as to whether the games are of benefit or not in the educational systemRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects1074 Words   |  5 PagesVideo games have some adverse effects, but they are also valuable learning tools. Research about the role of video games as instruments of higher education is inadequate. The data is also limited by the lack of long-term studies and inconsistent findings. Anyone that has not participated in the activity of playing video games may look down on those that do, because it is not seen generally as a productive use of one’s own time. If playing video games were to be compared to other activities that areRead MorePositive Effects of Video Games on Learning803 Words   |  3 PagesNowadays, video games are frequently accused of having detrimental effects on children and adolescents. The main arguments against video games are that they lead to addiction, that they provoke violence, and that they impair social development. Whether or not such claims are true has not been determined with certainty as scientific studies have produced contradictory results (â€Å"Video game controversies†). Nevertheless, video games also have beneficial effects, which tend to be underrated, as theyRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games Raise Aggression1054 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history man kind has always searched for ways to entertain himself, each time developing new activities and games. Video games have become a very popular way to spend time and have fun from the 1970’s up to now. With new developments appeared different video game genres from adventure to racing, but the violent video games appear to be the most popular ones (Shin, 2003), for example: shooters, fighting and video games where you have to eliminate, destroy, or kill your enemies. Video gamesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Video Games1217 Words   |  5 Pages Nowadays, video games are very common types of entertainment in every family. The impact of video games on the behavior of the player have been be controversial issues for decades. The advocates claim that video games are more than simply a fun that one plays during spare time. They are important for cognitive skill development, stress relief, prosocial behavior reduce mental health disorder. On the other hand, the detractor argue that video games have effects on aggressive cognition, addictionRead MorePlay Station And Video Games1710 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Play Station and video games are technologies used for entertainment across all age groups all around the world. The young children aged from 5 to 10 years old occupy the largest percentage of users. Today there is wide variety of games attributed to the advancement in technology. The report is a detailed documentation of the impact of gaming on children with references to recent scholarly articles. It also touches on other involved parties in the management of the media entertainmentRead MoreSpeech to Inform on Video Games Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesFor almost a century, video games have shaped not just our country, but the whole world. An entire industry was developed and it continues to thrive, even in our rough economic times. Some people fall into the clutches of games’ $60 (or more) price tags, while others wait for titles to drop into the bargain bin. But no matter how you purchase them, video games have become much more than just ways to pass the time. They make us laugh. They make us cry. They make us want to scream in anger and punchRead MoreArt and Video Game867 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically video games have been considered a novelty or technical subject, but in recent year given the increase in technology video games have been able to show that they are more. While not a traditional art form, video games do have an artistic basis. Video games are increasingly becoming more story and visually based. With these increased artistic elements it is increasingly becoming harder to deny that video games are art, but maybe they are not the art defined by a traditional definitionRead MoreThe History Of Video Gaming1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of video gaming goes back to the 1940’s when academics began designing simple games, simulations and artificial intelligence programs for computer science research. The first video game was invented in 1947 by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Esti Ray Mann in the United States (James n.d.). 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Parkinsons Disease Free Essays

string(47) " that target the neurotransmitter systems \(e\." PD normally affects people over the age of 50. It becomes more common with increasing age. ‘About 5 in 1,000 people in their 60s and about 40 in 1,000 people in their 80s have PD’1. We will write a custom essay sample on Parkinsons Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now It affects both men and women but is a little more common in men. PD is not usually inherited, and can affect anyone. However, genetic factors may be important in the small number of people who develop the disease before the age of 50. PD therefore affects a lot of people in the UK and I have chosen this topic so I have a greater understanding of what they go through and how we can help those affected. Background: Biology of Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s disease is a chronic disorder of part of the brain called the substantia nigra. It mainly affects the way the brain co-ordinates the movements of the muscles in various parts of the body. This area of the brain sends messages down nerves in the spinal cord to help control the muscles of the body. Messages are passed between brain cells, nerves and muscles by chemicals called neurotransmitters. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter that is made by the brain cells in the substantia nigra1. Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/muscular-system-muscle-metabolism/embed/#?secret=XWYQr2myDT" data-secret="XWYQr2myDT" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe In PD, cells in the substantia nigra are damaged and die. The cause is unknown. Over time, more and more cells become damaged and die. The more cells that are damaged the less dopamine is produced. The reduction of cells and the low level of dopamine in the cells in this part of the brain causes nerve messages to the muscles to become slowed and abnormal1. In the long term PD will ultimately lead to death. Causes We are still unsure of the causes of PD but here are the most likely and most talked about suggestions: 1. The hereditary form of PD occurs in fifteen per cent of cases2. The genes affected help clear nerve cells of excess proteins. Scientists are not sure but it is thought that when the ‘production process for protein manufacture breaks down, little clumps of ill-formed proteins begin to accumulate in cell’ 17, causing cell death. Tests carried out on rats using rotenone imply that pesticides and toxins may lead to PD. The rats experienced shaking and a loss of muscle control as well as developing Lewy bodies (spherical lumps found in dying brain cells), which are commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease. However, researchers are yet to find evidence for any definitive link to a particular toxin or drug in humans. 2. There seems to be a link between variants of the mitochondrial genes and PD. The Parkinson’s Disease Research Agenda states that â€Å"mitochondrial dysfunction has numerous consequences, including energetic failure, generation of reactive oxygen species, disregulation of calcium homeostasis and induction of apoptosis, each of which may be important in Parkinson’s disease†3. 3. High concentrations of free-radicals in the body and a lack of antioxidants. Free radicals damage cells and if too many dopamine-producing cells were damaged then this could lead to PD. Antioxidants prevent the production of free radicals and repair damage done by them. Symptoms and effects There is no easy test to diagnose PD, so it is diagnosed by ruling out other diseases and looking for the classic symptoms: * Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)1. It will become more of an effort to walk or get out bed. People may just think they are getting old and it is not till other symptoms develop that you may think about PD. * Stiffness of muscles (rigidity) and muscles may feel tenser. Also, your arms do not tend to swing as much when you walk. * Shaking (tremor) is common, but does not always occur. It normally affects the fingers, thumbs, hands, and arms, but can affect other parts of the body. It is most noticeable when you are resting and may become worse when you are anxious or emotional. It’s generally less obvious when you use your hand to do something such as picking up an object or writing. Symptoms will tend to get worse and worse and as the disease develops. Some other symptoms may develop due to problems with the way affected brain cells and nerves control the muscles. These include: * Fewer facial expressions such as smiling or frowning. Less blinking. * Difficulty with fine movements such as tying shoe laces or buttoning shirts. * Difficulty with writing (handwriting tends to become smaller), balance and posture and swallowing. * Speech may become slow and monotonous. * Tiredness aches and pains. As PD gets really bad, symptoms such as the following might develop, dependant on the individual: * Constipation- †PD prevents the proper transmission of the neurological messages that tell the rectal sphincter muscles to open†7 * Hallucinations (seeing, hearing or smelling things that are not real) * Sweating- PD can affect the autonomic nervous system8 that controls the autonomic functions (functions done automatically by the brain and body without conscious thought) such as sweating, breathing etc. * Difficulties with sleeping * Weight loss- there is a generally decreased appetite associated with PD. This may largely be due to swallowing difficulties and other gastrointestinal disturbances8 * Pain * Depression Anxiety- anxiety disorders occur in up to 40% of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD)9. The article states †Current evidence suggests that anxiety may not be a psychological reaction to the illness but rather may be linked to specific neurobiological processes accompanying PD.† * Problems with controlling impulses (for example compulsive eating, shopping or gambling) Most people will only suffer form a few of these symptoms and which ones will get worse and the speed at which they get worse varies hugely from person to person. Some rare brain diseases can have very similar symptoms in which case a specialist brain scan can often be used to distinguish between them. The Treatments At the moment there is no cure for PD and most treatments simply have the job of relieving symptoms. 1. Drugs Intro: there are two main types of drug used in PD treatment. Firstly, drugs that target the neurotransmitter systems (e. You read "Parkinsons Disease" in category "Papers"g. dopamine) or secondly drugs that are designed to interfere with steps in the neurodegenerative processes (they may aim to sustain nerve cells or tackle the issue of free radicals). Drugs are cheap and effective, especially in relieving symptoms but show little potential as a full cure to the disease. Most also need to be taken daily for the remainder of a patients lifetime. Many drugs may have minor side affects. Some side affects have social impacts such as mood swings or may not allow the user to fly or travel to certain places. Dopaminergic Agents- use to activate the production or use of Dopamine. Levodopa- is an amino acid that is converted in the brain into dopamine. According to the WE MOVE website10 ‘Levodopa was introduced as a PD therapy in the 1960s, and remains the most effective therapy for motor symptoms’ although there are many drugs that do a similar job such as Rasagiline. It reduces the effect of and helps control the symptoms of PD. Like most amino acids levodopa is absorbed into the blood stream through the wall of the intestines. Amino acids require a ‘transporter’ to transfer them across the membrane of the intestines and into the blood stream. These transporters can only work at a certain rate and so diet is important. To much dietary protein can slow the transport of levodopa into the blood stream meaning the dose may be ineffective. Alternatively to avoid the competition with other amino acids, doses should be taken between meals. Levodopa has to cross from the blood stream into the brain using the same transport system again, making diet and timing doubly important. MAO-B Inhibitors- slow the breakdown of dopamine in the brain and aim to prevent or slow the death of neurons. ‘MAO is responsible for the mitochondrial metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin.’11 Ethical implications Some of the many ethical issues revolve around the decision to move from testing on artificial tissue (often grown from stem cells, which may in the future replace animal testing altogether. Stem cells, however create there own ethical issues) to animals, and further on the line, of animal testing to trails on human patients. The graph below shows the stages involved in developing a new drug and is taken from the MSD website (21/3/10): (http://www.msd.com.hk/health_info/drug_education/e_ddp_introduction.html) Animal testing is very closely regulated in the UK however many, often false, accusations of animal abuse have lead to darkened perceptions of animal testing in the public eye. Animal abuse is definitely a reality but ‘improved transparency, accountability and regulations’12 should reduce it happening and make sure those responsible are prosecuted. Unlike humans, animals are unable to consent to testing. It is forced upon them and often involves a certain amount of pain, stress, suffering and discomfort. Researchers will try to reduce this, possibly using anaesthetics although this can often interfere with the drug being tested so the animal may have to suffer the full amount of pain. Unfortunately, in PD, a number of animals are tested on normally starting with mice or rats before moving on to monkeys and finally human trails. Some people believe that animals like monkeys and most primates shouldn’t be experimented upon as they aren’t in the same plentiful supply that rats and mice are in, nor are they considered pests. However, for potentially dangerous drugs it is essential animals with a similar genetic make up (primates) are tested on to greatly reduce the risks in human clinical trails. Economics of drugs in PD As shown in figure 1.2 drug development requires a huge amount of research and testing and can take more than 10 years before a useable drug is created. This obviously requires a huge amount of investment and general drug development costs vary between 500 and 2,000 million dollars. R;D is often done by independent companies or government organizations. Most companies or organizations will link with universities to share information and facilities and hopefully quicken to process of discovering a new drug. ‘After approval, pharmaceutical companies have a short period of exclusivity before patents expire and other companies can market the same drugs as generics. This time is used to recoup the massive investment required to develop and launch a new drug. However, the companies must also continue to test their drugs and monitor the feedback from healthcare professionals in order to identify undiscovered side effects, risk factors and interactions.’13 Drug companies are some of the most profitable industries in the world and although a large amount of money is needed in research and development (R;D) only 1 in 5 dollars made is then invested in further research. Many companies spent nearly twice as much money on advertising and marketing than R;D and demand is so much higher than it needs to be that companies can afford to boost prices to maximise profit. Luckily with PD this becomes less of a problem as people are unlikely take and therefore buy drugs that are meant for PD when they don’t actually need it. This is because the symptoms tend to be quite clear and drugs like levodopa are not readily available unless prescribed. Benefits to humans Drugs can have a massive impact on people suffering from PD and they aim to do a number of things: 1) Improve standards of living- by reducing the affects of PD and slowing the process of neurodegeneration it should allow the person suffering to do basic things (such as tying shoelaces, writing etc) more easily and for longer before they require full time medical care. This allows them to be more independent. 2) The use of drugs such as levodopa, in the long term, will reduce the affects of symptoms such as tiredness, aches and pains. Painkillers like amantadine will also be used for more short term relieve along side drugs like levodopa. This will simply make life less painful for a PD patient. 3) Drugs are the most well know and reliable of PD treatments. This reduces the risks of any unknowns or mistakes and far fewer mistakes will be made than in using other treatments. Risks to humans 1) Unfortunately Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of using levodopa that are due to the building up of dopamine in the bloodstream. The most serious and severe effect of this treatment is dyskinesias. ‘Dyskinesias are uncontrolled movements, including writhing, twitching, and shaking. Dyskinesias result from the combination of long-term levodopa use and continued neurodegeneration. They typically begin to develop in milder forms after 3 to 5 years of treatment, but are more severe after 5 to 10 years of treatment.’10 2) There is always risk of allergies when using drugs and for some unfortunate people drugs may do more damage than good. 3) Side affects of drugs vary from person to person and it is impossible to know beforehand how a certain drug will affect an individual. For some, side affects may be far worse than for others. 4) Dosages need to be got right and it is a common problem that people take to little and don’t get the full benefit of the drug or take to much and suffer more/worse side affects. A massive overdose will likely lead to death. Alternative Cures? 2. Gene therapy- is still in early research stages and it is likely to be a while before this technique is actually used on humans. Like stem cells it has exciting potential to provide a future cure and avoid the ethical issues associated with stem cells. How it works? Gene therapy aims to introduce new and functioning genetic material into cells that have abnormal genes that are causing proteins (in the case of PD, dopamine) not to be created or created faulty. The genetic material can normally be inserted into the cells using viruses. ‘Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome.’13There is still much development needed as scientists are still unable to target specific cells and there is the potential threat of virus mutation which may cause even further problems. There is also major worry about the potential for gene therapy to be used to improve basic human traits such as height, intelligence etc. People could simply choice characteristics and this in many people’s eyes could be used for the wrong reason. For example, this may be used to give some athletes a major advantage over others or possibly creating super humans. 3. Stem Cells I think stem cells have shown exciting potential and will hopefully provide a full time future cure for the disease. How they work? Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the ability to develop into highly specialised cells like nerve cells. They can also self-renew, which means they are capable of replenishing themselves for long periods of time by dividing4. For Parkinson’s disease it is hoped that large numbers of the brain cells that produce dopamine can be produced and inserted, through transplantation, into a patient’s brain. Therefore, nerve messages to all parts of the body will be normal again. However, stem cells not been successfully used to cure PD yet and there are many problems facing researchers. Therefore stem cells are relatively useless for PD at the moment but may be able to provide an easy and affective cure in the future. Problems with the types of Stem cells There are three main types of stem cells: 1. Adult stem cells can come from Skin, Bone marrow, Brain, Blood vessels, Liver and Skeletal muscle. However, adult stem cells are found in such small quantities it is difficult to identify and isolate them in viable numbers. Because adult stem cells aren’t as ‘young’ as embryonic stem cells, they contain more DNA abnormalities acquired with age4. These can be caused by the environment, toxins or errors in DNA replication. Adult stem cells have limited potential because unlike embryonic stem cells they can not differentiate into any specialised cell in the body. 2. Cord blood cells are normally found in the umbilical cord and placenta after the cord is cut. One problem is the lack of cells obtained and these may not be enough relative to a patient’s size. Cord blood cells generally take longer to grow, therefore completion of therapy will take longer. It obviously requires a pregnant woman to donate the cells. 3. Embryonic stem cells are found in human embryos and have a seemingly unlimited potential to develop into any cell in the human body. However they are surrounded by a number of ethical issues. Many people and especially religious group condemn the use of embryonic stem cells as they believe it is destroying a life. They believe it is immoral to save a life at the expense of another. However new developments in stem cells research means that Totipotent* stem cells can now be collected without the loss of embryo life: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) – nucleus is removed from a somatic cell and is then implanted into a donor egg that has had its nucleus removed6. It divides just as normal before forming an embryo. Cells from the inner cell mass are extracted and cultured to provide embryonic stem cells but the technique destroys the embryo. Although the embryo is destroyed it is a created clone and so may not be considered the loss of new, individual life. Altered nuclear transfer (ANT), however, prevents an embryo from actually being created. The nucleus of the somatic cell is altered, or genetically reprogrammed, before being transferred into the egg. The alteration consequence is that the somatic cell DNA still produces stem cells but does not generate an embryo. Blastomere Extraction is performed on a two-day old embryo, following the division of the fertilized egg into eight blastomeres (cells). One blastomere is removed and can be triggered to divide and the resulting stem cells could still be used for research and disease treatment. The embryo, ‘now with only seven blastomeres can still be implanted into the mother and assuming no defect has been found these embryos will still grow into healthy babies’4. 1. Name of article: Parkinson’s Disease Url: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Parkinson’s-Disease.htm Date accessed: 15/2/10 Evaluation: The article is certified as a reliable source of health and social care information. It certificate states- ‘The authors and editors of this article are employed to create accurate and up to date content reflecting reliable research evidence, guidance and best clinical practice. They are free from any commercial conflicts of interest.’ The article states that Parkinson’s disease affects the part of the brain know as the substantia nigra. WE MOVE (Worldwide Education and Awareness for Movement Disorders- http://www.wemove.org/par/par_subn.html) states: ‘In PD, cells of the SN (substantia nigra) degenerate, and therefore can no longer produce adequate dopamine.’ This information is further backed up on the Parkinson’s Disease Research Agenda that states ‘cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine die in a small brain area called the substantia nigra.’ As the information provided is backed by what I consider to be re liable resources I think that the information on the website is also therefore reliable, but should be checked with other sources before being used. 2. Name of article: Possible Causes of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Url: http://www.healthtree.com/articles/parkinsons-disease/causes.php Date accessed: 20/2/10 3. Name: Parkinson’s Disease Research Agenda URL: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/about_ninds/plans/nihparkinsons_agenda.htm#Parkinson Date accessed: 20/2/10 Evaluation: Parkinson’s disease Research Agenda is written by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). It primary aim is to †reduce the burden of neurological disease – a burden borne by every age group, by every segment of society, by people all over the world.† It is funded by the government so should provide no bias and the site aims to educate people about various neurological disorders including Parkinson’s disease. It states â€Å"mitochondrial dysfunction has numerous consequences†¦ each of which may be important in Parkinson’s disease.† This is also backed by an article: http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v6/n2/full/nrneurol.2009.221.html that states † dysfunctional energy metabolism might be a central element of the pathological process underlying the development of PD.† The site was last updated on the 25th of July 2008. As the site is run and updated by the government with no other purpose but to inform I think it can be used a very reliable source of information. How to cite Parkinsons Disease, Papers

Acid Rain (870 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (870 words) Essay Acid RainModern society is becoming overwhelmed with great amounts of pollution fromcars, factories and an overabundance of garbage. The immense amounts of sulphurdioxide emitted into the air causes high levels of acid in the atmosphere. Whenthis sulphuric acid is absorbed into moisture in the air, poignant rainfalls canbe damaging to the external environment. Acid rain is destroying the world=slakes, air and ecosystem. Acid rain is killing lakes and decreasing the numberof inhabitants in these fresh water bodies. Acid rain causes an ample deductionin the pH levels in the water. At a neutral level the pH in water should beclose to seven, yet in these acidic water bodies the pH levels can be as low asfour. These pH levels of four contain more than ten percent acids than that ofnormal rain and one thousand times more acid than neutral water. Each decade thepH levels of lakes around Ontario have become ten times more acidic. The highacid levels contained in lakes also causes a decrease in the number of fishdwelling in these lakes. Also Aacid produces chemical changes in the blood ofthe fish, and their basic body metabolism is (Howard Perley,1980, p. 24), and can cause deformities in these inhabitants. They have twistedand arched backbones, flattened heads and strangely curved tails. In pH levelsof four there is little left in the lakes besides rock bass, pumpkinseed andlake herring. Affected fish are also in danger of becoming sterile, which wouldput the species at risk of becoming extinct. As with sulphur dioxide in rain,mercury is also discharged into the water. There is a direct connection betweenthe mercury rich lakes as there is with those with high acidic levels. Thismetal becomes concentrated in the blood and tissues of fish. Acid rain causestraumatic effects in natural lakes and rivers. Acid rain causes air quality todeteriorate. As in water, acid rain causes the pH levels in the air to decrease. The sulphur dioxide, which diffuses into the air, mixes with moisture causingthe pH levels to drop from the normal level. Again, the normal level issomewhere around seven, yet in some acidic air masses the levels can be as lowas three. These lowered pH levels form a photochemical smog in the atmosphere. In the air Anitrogen oxides react with ozone and some hydrocarbons in thepresence of sunlight to form photochemical smog, the kind of yellow-grey hazewhich it literally alive and growing in stagnant air (Howard Perley, 1980, p. 44). This smog carries serious risk for respiratory disease andcrop damage. The photochemical smog is also causing the ozone layer todisintegrate. The ozone layer is becoming a part of this smog, which is causingholes in it. An inordinate amount of sulphur dioxide is let into the air, morethan can be neutralized by nutrients in the air. Decrease in pH levels,photochemical smog and depletion of the ozone layer are some effects of acidrain in the air. The ecosystem is slowly eroding due to the increased amounts ofacid in the soil. Acid in the soil in causing the carbon dioxide respirationprocess to decelerate. In order for plants to go through photosynthesis, theyneed carbon dioxide. When acid in the soil causing this soil respiration to slowdown, in turn it ca uses the photosynthesis process to slow down. The soil alsoerodes when the pH levels drop. The acidic levels of the soil cause nutrients inthe soils such as aluminum to break apart and the soil to erode. Soil erosionalso causes a lower production of plants in the ecosystem. In the soil a processof decay Acalled oligotrophication, means that fewer of the ions of acid areneutralized by the depleted biological community so the acid can cause furtherdegeneration of natural processes, which in turn are less capable of combatingthe acid, and so on, in an accelerating (Howard Perley, 1980, p. .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c , .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .postImageUrl , .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c , .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:hover , .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:visited , .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:active { border:0!important; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:active , .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d1e5ced68fe7c2e78c156bef0b2070c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Life of Being Bullied Essay32). Disruption in the life span of trees and plants is also another effect ofacid rain. The acid rain corrodes the thin, waxy layer, which coats and protectsthe leaves letting the acid suffocate the leaves. This can cause an interferencein the plants metabolism and photosynthesis may be altered meaning the leavescannot produce and efficient amount of food which may result in death of theplant. Acid may obtrude fertilization , stunt or kill the growth of seeds andmake them sterile. A second generation would be in danger of not being producedcausing deforestation. Naturally the reduction of plants is causing thebiological food chain to weaken. A s smaller animals and insects feed on theseplants lose their food supply, they may also ensue death. In effect the animalswhich feed off of these animals also ensue a decrease in their supply. In turnhumans may become starved if the acid rain effects increase. Acid rain causesdeath of soil, plants and animals, effecting the ecosystem. Acid rain isbecoming a major problem in our environment today. It is killing our fresh waterlakes and it=s occupants. Also the quality of air is depleting, increasing theamount of smog and pollution in our atmosphere. Once the acid is absorbed in thesoil, this puts the ecosystem in jeopardy of extinction. This is killing plants,animal, and soil, which is the basis of our existence. If this acid rain problemis not dealt with urgently, the natural world may in hazard of demise.

Human Resource Management Issues at UniCall

Question 1: Identify the key HRM issues at UniCall. Answer 1: Some of the key HRM issues at UniCall have been mentioned as follows. They are: 1. Unhappy staff: It has been seen that, staff at UniCall are not happy with the increased pleasure and do not welcome new roles which are assigned to them. 2. Overstaffing:mismanagement of the TD plan: Overstaffing refers to the second issue faced at UniCall (Meisel, 2014). 3. Lack of appraisal performance: The UniCall case clearly depicts the performance appraisal issue. Measuring the performance is referred to as one of the most significant tasks as it is very difficult to measure the performance of the employees and how the employees are to be rewarded. Lack of performance management system leads to dissatisfaction amongst the employees that they are not being awarded well (Dixit, 2014). 4. Poor image of the staff members: There have been complaints regarding rude staff as well as lack of flexibility. This might have a negative impact on the companys image in the long run. Question 2: Recommend justify HRM interventions which will improve business performance. Answer 2: Some recommendations and HRM interventions which will improve business performance have been discussed as under: 1. Training development program: UniCall shall develop a quality training development program which shall mainly focus upon the various HR skills and other learning techniques as to how the company should operate (Mondy, Noe, Gowan, 2005). 2. Clear code of conduct: A clear code of conduct shall be implemented at UniCall so as to replace the image of rudeness amongst the staff members. 3. Transparent award system: A transparent reward system shall be established at UniCall so that there is no discrepancy amongst the staff members. No staff members shall have a feeling that is, they are not being awarded as per their performance. References Dixit, S. (2014). Human Relations in Industry- Issues Challenges.IOSRJHSS, 19(6), pp.12-18. Meisel, S. (2014). Addressing Difficult Issues in the HRM Bubble.Organization Management Journal, 11(2), pp.101-101. Mondy, R., Noe, R. and Gowan, M. (2005).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.